Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503.
doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493
→ The two-step intent gate.
The finding: spelling out when and what in advance changes behaviour far more
than resolve alone. So the block screen never asks “are you sure?” — it offers a choice
measured in minutes: not now, or open for N minutes.
Grüning, D. J., Riedel, F., & Lorenz-Spreen, P. (2023).
Directing smartphone use through the self-nudge app one sec.
PNAS, 120(8), e2213114120.
doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2213114120
→ A short wait before opening.
This randomised controlled trial found that inserting a brief forced pause before an app
opens meaningfully reduces how often people go in. That is why the block screen is
two-step: the first tap on “Open” only registers, and you tap again after a few seconds to
actually enter. An emergency pass starts at a 30-second wait.
Wood, W., & Rünger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit.
Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 289–314.
doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033417
→ Off-hours cut the cue instead of the urge.
Habits fire from context cues automatically, and beating them one at a time is expensive.
Rather than fighting each impulse, close the window entirely — which is what the off-hours
rule does.
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W.,
Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013).
The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) of 93 Hierarchically Clustered Techniques:
Building an International Consensus for the Reporting of Behavior Change Interventions.
Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46(1), 81–95.
doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
→ Commitment mode and the 24-hour cooling-off period.
The taxonomy lists commitment devices as a technique in their own right: you, now, closing
a door on you, later. So loosening any rule takes 24 hours to take effect while tightening
is immediate — which shuts the “change the rule, then walk through it” bypass.
World Health Organization. Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder (ICD-11 Q&A).
who.int · Gaming disorder Q&A
→ Support for self-control, not a diagnosis.
The WHO definition has a clear clinical threshold: impaired control, gaming taking
precedence over other interests, sustained for at least 12 months with significant
impairment. ByIntent deliberately stays outside that line. It helps you keep a boundary you
set yourself. It is not screening, not a diagnosis, not treatment.
If you are distressed, please talk to a professional.